Naomie Halioua
Co-founder & CRO, AI Research
Digital Product Passport (DPP): What Retail Brands Need to Know
Starting in 2027, the EU will require Digital Product Passports for textiles, electronics, batteries, and more. Every product will need a QR code or data carrier linking to a structured dataset on its composition, origin, repairability, and end-of-life handling. Here's how to prepare.
What is the Digital Product Passport?
The Digital Product Passport (DPP) is a core element of the EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR, Regulation 2024/1781). It requires manufacturers to provide a digital record for each product containing standardized data on materials, manufacturing, carbon footprint, repairability, recycled content, and end-of-life instructions. The DPP is accessible via a data carrier (QR code, RFID, or NFC chip) on the product itself.
The DPP serves three audiences: consumers (making informed purchasing decisions), market surveillance authorities (verifying compliance), and recyclers/repairers (accessing disassembly and material information). It is the EU's most ambitious product transparency initiative and will fundamentally change how brands manage product data.
Timeline: When does DPP apply?
2027 — Batteries: First category to require DPP under the EU Battery Regulation (2023/1542). Industrial, EV, and SLI batteries above 2kWh must have a battery passport with state-of-health data, material composition, and carbon footprint.
2027-2028 — Textiles: The EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles designates textiles as a priority category. DPP requirements will cover fiber composition, country of manufacturing, repairability information, and recycled content percentage.
2028-2030 — Electronics, furniture, construction products: Delegated acts will progressively extend DPP requirements to consumer electronics (including smartphones, laptops, and appliances), furniture, and construction materials.
Ongoing — Additional categories: The European Commission can add new product categories through delegated acts at any time, based on environmental impact assessments. Cosmetics, toys, and food packaging are under evaluation.
What data must a DPP contain?
While exact data requirements vary by product category (defined in delegated acts), the ESPR establishes a common framework:
How to prepare: practical steps for brands
Audit your product data: Map what data you already collect versus what DPP requires. Most brands find 40-60% gaps in material composition, supply chain origin, and environmental impact data.
Engage your supply chain: DPP data must cover the full value chain. Start requesting material declarations, carbon footprint data, and origin certificates from tier-1 and tier-2 suppliers now.
Choose your data carrier strategy: QR codes are the cheapest option for textiles and packaging. RFID chips make sense for electronics and high-value items. Ensure your data carrier links to a persistent, machine-readable endpoint.
Monitor delegated acts: The specific DPP requirements for your product category are defined in delegated acts that the Commission is still drafting. Use regulatory intelligence tools like Cleo to track when these are published and what they require.
Frequently asked questions
When does the Digital Product Passport become mandatory?
Starting 2027 for textiles, batteries and electronics, then expanding to most product categories by 2030 under the EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR, EU 2024/1781).
What information must a Digital Product Passport contain?
Materials and composition, origin, manufacturing, carbon footprint, repairability score, recycled content, and end-of-life handling instructions — all standardised and machine-readable.
Who can access DPP data?
Three audiences: consumers (informed purchase decisions), market surveillance authorities (compliance verification), and recyclers/repairers (disassembly and material information).
Sources & references
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